Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Deceit and Sexual Women’s Sexual Sins in Dante’s Inferno

Dante’s representations of women and feminine sexuality in the Inferno show contrasts within the various natures of women and their sexuality. His era’s vision of the perfect woman one that idealized beauty, passiveness and purity is represented by his life long love Beatrice. This ideal and its representation in Beatrice are contrasted with the dark depictions of women, their sexual sins, devious devices, and evil act, which Dante encounters in hell. This paper will argue that the severity of condemnation in hell for women’s sexual sins is related to the increasing degrees of deceit. Dante’s perspective of the evil side of femininity becomes apparent from the opening of the inferno. Dante, in midlife, strays from his path into a â€Å"dark wood,† where he is able to see a bright mountain. In his quest to reach his goal, he is thwarted and driven deeper into the wood by the ravenous and promiscuous she-wolf described as â€Å"She tracks down all, kills all and knows no glut, but, feeding she grows hungrier than she was. She mates with any beast† Canto1, lines 92-95 [i] The she-wolf portrays the worst characteristics of women; she reflects lust, pride and avarice. These traits and characteristics are a foreshadowing of the sins possessed by the many women whom Dante will later encounter. This monster is contrasted by Dante’s feminine ideal, his true love Beatrice. She reflects a divine love sent by the purest of women, the Virgin Mary, and even asks Virgil to guide Dante through the hell. Her motivation is clear â€Å"It is I Beatrice, who send you to him I come from the blessed height for which I yearn. Love called me here. Canto 2 lines 70-73[ii] It is her love that provides Dante with the courage to move through Hell and onto the path of God’s light. In many ways, she is his personal savior. Divine, virginal and pure in nature, Beatrice is the perfect woman and all feminine creatures or monsters within Hell are her contrasting antitheses. In the second circle, that of â€Å"the carnal† or lustful we find various famous lovers from throughout history buffeted about in a whirlwind of an endless storm. â€Å"And this, I learned, was the never ending flight Of this who sinned the flesh, the carnal and lusty Who betrayed reason to their appetite. Canto 5, 37-40 [iii] The women condemned to this level of hell knowingly lived their lives in tempestuous adultery and in whirlwind romances, deceiving the men in their lives. When Dante asks who is condemned here, Virgil mentions famous lovers from throughout history. For instance, Virgil mentions first the Empress Semiramis, the perverse Assyrian queen who legalized incest in her kingdom[iv] :â€Å"Lust and law were her one decree† Canto 5, 57[v] There as well are the adulter ers Cleopatra, Helen (of Troy), and Dido, the Carthaginian queen who, when jilted by her love, commits suicide[vi],[vii]. The overwhelming impression given by the emphasis on women is that they are deceitful and at fault in these relationships. It is as if the men were simply swept along like dry leaves by the wind of lust or love. Dante then speaks to two lovers there called Francesca da Rimini and her brother in-law Paolo Malatesta, illicit lovers murdered by Gianciotto Malatesta Francesca’s husband. [viii] They explain that they fell in love reading the story of Lancelot and Guinevere, which was so romantic that they developed feelings for one another. They present themselves as victims of the love’s trials, but there is more to this story than what they contest, for the marriage of Francesca to her husband was necessitated as a peace pact between two warring clans- the Rimini and the Ravina[ix]. The traditional story is that the wedding was arranged, and the handsome and dashing Paulo was initially used to deceive her from learning the identity of the true spouse, Gianciotto â€Å"the cripple,† but on the wedding night, Francesca learns the truth. On their deaths Paulo was a fifty-year old father of two sons and Francesca was a mother of a nine year old daughter[x]. This love was clearly more than a moment of weakness or a whirlwind romance because it clearly was a lengthy affair. The start of this relationship was based on deception and they may believe that this is a sin of love, and they would be naively deceiving themselves by accepting little to no responsibility for their actions. Their greatest desire in life was to be together in a whirlwind love; ironically, this has become their fate. Dante the pilgrim moves on through the layers of hell, seeing or meeting other women who represent other degrees of sin. Entering the eighth circle of hell, the circle of frau, in Canto 18, he enters the second malebolige of this level, reserved for the flatters. Here, he sees a woman scratching and scraping herself while she swims in a grotesque pool of excrement. Virgil informs him that: â€Å"It is the whore Thaius who told her lover When he sent to ask her, ‘Do you thank me much? ’ ‘Much? Nay, past all believing! Canto 18 lines 131-133[xi] Thais once was a beautiful courtesan, but she was a woman of degraded sexuality, who prostituted herself with both her body and her speech. She was a whore, who teased, seduced and sold herself to many men for her own gains. Her greatest sin that consigned her to wallow in this pool of feces, deeper in hell than the forlorn lovers, was not her pandering of bodily desires, but her intentional deceit through the â€Å"prostit ution of words†[xii]. She was a victim of the salacious flattery she offered her lovers the while among the living. More sinful than her exploitation of men through sex without love was the overwhelming and ridiculously insincere compliments that she gave men; those lies are now represented by the feces in which she exists. In one of the deepest pits of the underworld, as Dante moves through the eighth circle of hell and the tenth malebolige, he moves through the pit of falsifiers and the evil impersonators. There, he encounters Myrrha, the mother of Adonis. She is running about, much like an insane, vampiric beast, pale, naked and unclean, snapping her teeth as she runs by. Virgil tells him that â€Å"that ancient shade in time above Was Myrrha, vicious daughter of Cinyras Who loved her father with more than rightful love. he falsified another’s form and came Disguised to sin with him just as that other Who runs with her in order that he might claim The fabulous lead-mare† Canto 30 lines 37-43[xiii] Myrrha is dammed in one of the deepest pits of hell for her incestuous relationship with her father, King Cinyras. Her intentional betrayal of her father the king, through her disguise as another lover to seduce her father, is a premeditated act of sexual treachery. This disturbingly lustful act of deceit leaves her pursuing flesh, much like she did her father in life. The corrupt world of Dante’s Inferno allows sinners to get a perverted version of what they sought through out their lives. Dante’s true love, Beatrice, is a pure and virginal woman, which is a contrast to the women committed to hell. The depths of hell that these women are condemned to for their sexual sins are the result of the deceit with which they acted. The more deceitful and heinous the act or treachery, the more severe the punishment and the deeper that woman is in hell.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

A Book Report on Nickel and Dimed Essay

This research paper is on the book named Nickel and Dimed, a non fiction best seller penned by Barbara Ehrenreich. It is the story of an essay writer who goes undercover on advice of Harper’s editor Lewis Lapham as a low wage worker to find out how non-skilled workers manage their day to day lives. She experiments in three states, namely Florida, Maine, and Minnesota, by finding a job and accommodation in each location, in an attempt to find out the life of low paid workers. She spends one month in each location working full time and living only off the amount of money she earns in low-wage jobs. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether the author could both live off the money earned and have enough money at the end of the month to pay the next month’s rent or not. A Book Report on Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America and Criticisms It is said that America is a land where dreams come true everyday. It is absolutely true. Millions of people from all over the world come to America to be certain that they have found a land where finally they would have enough of everything. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay Barbara Ehrenreich not agrees with the above statement, especially, when it comes to low-paid and unskilled workers. Barbara Ehrenreich is an upper middle class woman, who is a writer with PhD in biology in her real life. On advice of Harper’s editor Lewis Lapham, she follows a journalistic approach to infiltrate the low paid workers to know the effects of welfare reform. She leaves her life as a writer with $1300 in her pocket to meet the unexpected expenses, her personal items and her car. Her first destination is Key West, Florida where she starts searching for a job and lodgings. She chooses this city as it is closer to her home. There she secures jobs at two restaurants as a waitress and flirting with one day act as a housekeeper and continues living. Her fear as an over-qualified worker takes toll and she feels herself like an under-qualified worker as days proceed. This goes on for two months instead of for months, when she finally accepts defeat, as she walks out in mid-shift. The jobs get physically demanding and Barbara is extremely exhausted, the main reason behind her quitting. The restaurant and the people’s names are not revealed by the author. After leaving Key West, she plans to start afresh with Portland, Maine. The choice of location is connected author’s Caucasian demographics which she presumes that she will get better with workers and is quite affordable. There she finds two jobs. The main one is that of housekeeping, the job which is in strict need. The other one is of a dietary aide in nursing home where there is an Alzheimer patient whom she has to take care of regularly. There she befriends Marge and Holly, who are fellow housekeepers. Compared to previous one, she is proud of her job. As Ted, the manager of the housekeeping company is strict with women’s schedule; her routine becomes tight and physically and mentally demanding. She and other housekeepers often are deprived of lunch either of their schedule or because of their low wages. In the due course, Holly becomes pregnant and she needs holidays, which Ted refuses to give. However, the author is successful in winning her holidays from Ted revealing her real job. After her stint at Portland, she proceeds to her final destination- Minneapolis, Minnesota. There she manages to find a runaway motel with loose bolts and doors, after a long hunt for accommodation in a city where vacancy rate is only 1%. She is unsafe of her belongings at her stay. After a long search, she manages to get her job in Wal-Mart in ladies clothing. Her job is pick up dropped clothing and taking cloths from dressing rooms and put them back on the racks. There she befriends Melissa and meets union as she feels that workers are working too hard for their wage. Though she finds a better place to live, she eventually leaves her job after a month, as the wage is too low to afford a single day meal. After her experiments she finally analyses how she performed at each job. She rates herself as average and one of the problems she faced is low level of encouragement from her co-workers. Also she concludes that the unskilled jobs are physically and mentally challenging and the state is even worsened due to employee politics. Level of competition in the markets is very high as there is rise of rent, especially for hourly workers. Employers used many tricks in order to keep wages low so that employees keep coming back to their jobs. These all with the politics resulted in low pay and low standard of living. These workers will even face a problem in knowing the better pay jobs as they have little education and cannot afford increasing transportation cost. The main reason for these shortcomings in these jobs was low self esteem. People who work these menial jobs are not given respect and often games are played at them to reduce their pay. The author finally concludes the book as the welfare reform has not yet reached the people in the way the government had planned and calls for better prospects for these people and increases their standard of living. In response to Nickel and Dimed, Adam Shepard conducted an experiment. Sheperd began his experiment with $25 in his pocket. Without mentioning his degrees, he managed to get a job and fulfilled his objective of buying a home, a car and more than $5000 as his savings in ten months. This experiment refuted to the premise around which Nickel and Dimed was constructed. The author finally concludes by portraying the mindset of low-paid workers-â€Å"When someone works for less pay than she can live on †¦ she has made a great sacrifice for you †¦ The â€Å"working poor† †¦ are in fact the major philanthropists of our society. They neglect their own children so that the children of others will be cared for; they live in substandard housing so that other homes will be shiny and perfect; they endure privation so that inflation will be low and stock prices high. To be a member of the working poor is to be an anonymous donor, a nameless benefactor, to everyone. † References Ehrenreich, Barbara. 2001. Metropolitan Books. Nickel and Dimed. Platt, Charles. â€Å"Life at Wal-Mart. â€Å"

Monday, July 29, 2019

Citizenship in the Age of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Citizenship in the Age of the Internet - Essay Example E-voting system gained more popularity among the people of Swaziland. The process of election became easier and the burden of counting the votes was eradicated. This was the major advantage of the e-voting system. Though the people had certain inhibitions in during the initial stages of implementation, they were impressed by the ease of use. This led to the success of e-voting system. Since only registered parties can contest in the elections, it is easier for the government to conduct elections. (Gritzalis, 2003). The entire process of voter registration, vote casting and counting is made in a simpler way. The e-voting system gained popularity within a short period of time due to its faster processing. The election conducted in the year 2008 was a complete success due to the implementation of e-voting system. There was a drastic increase in the number of voters when compared to the previous elections. People turned out in large numbers and the election took place in a hassle free manner. The reason for the increase in the number of people was due to the installation of e-voting system. This made the job of voting easier and people exhibited more interest. The pre-election process was also simple since the system contained all the relevant information. The procedures were clearly explained in the system and this reduced the burden of explaining them explicitly.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Historical Background that Led to the Eighth Amendment Coursework

Historical Background that Led to the Eighth Amendment - Coursework Example It later became a theme of the U.S. Supreme Court Eighth Amendment discussion about normal penalties collectively forced in an undue and unprecedented way. Why the Eighth Amendment Has Not Been Fully Incorporated The Eighth Amendment has not been fully incorporated since it was only applied as a clause to the states when a suitable case challenging the state's contravention of that clause is formally requested for review. Moreover, the Supreme Court makes use of the principle of selective incorporation when it comes to applying the Bill of Rights to the given states (Harr, Hess and Orthman 420). What was considered initially was the cruelty when it comes to method of punishment, and not the ban of excessive punishments. The reason being that it is hard to ascertain the level at which the court can be able to tell between the permissible from that considered as cruel or unusual, bearing in mind that the Bill of Rights is a pronouncement of universal principles aimed at presiding over the social order of freemen (Harr, Hess and Orthman 397). ... Secondly, the appellate court may possibly not be able to handle disputes to bail quicker than trial courts are able to hear the case, and as a result this renders it moot or hard for trial prior to review (Harr, Hess and Orthman 400). How Bail Can Be Assured For Those Accused of Crimes The right to bail can be assumed through case law and statutory law. Hence, the Bail Reform Act of 1984 provides the judicial authority to comprise definite conditions for granting bail based on community safety or otherwise the risk of the individual not appearing for trial (Harr, Hess and Orthman 398). This is in view of the fact that the pretrial detention should not violate due process or the eight amendment. For this reason, when the only asserted interest is to warrant that the accused will stand trial and give in to sentence when found guilty, then in that case bail should be handed by the court at an amount designed to make certain that objective and no more. Notably, the legislature rather th an the constitution is the actual framer of bail law. The Federal law defines that every noncapital offenses is bailable, but in capital offenses the decision to hold a suspect prior to a trial is left up to the judge (Harr, Hess and Orthman 400). The state courts assure bails for those accused of crime based on the excessive bail provisions within the state constitution or else through legislation and case law, however, the constitution only bars excessive bail (Harr, Hess and Orthman 401). Basic Need for Bail Bail seeks to serve two needs. Firstly, bail seeks to uphold the presumption of innocence by permitting the person not yet convicted to avoid continued incarceration. Secondly, bail seeks to

Accounting For Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Accounting For Decision Making - Essay Example To do this, we had to conduct research on the two companies’ performance over the years and analyzed the data using financial ratios and statistical graphs. From our findings we found out that fantastic holdings has good gross profit margins but has higher expenses rates which reduces the net profit margin (Whiteside 2007). It was also evident that fantastic holdings has good profits in comparison to the input as given by the investors and has also good use of its assets to make high sales. Fantastic holdings limited were also noted to have good debtors and creditors turnovers. This is a good indication that the company has good strategies of dealing with debtors and offsetting their debts to creditors. On the other hand, super retail group company shows high liquidity in terms of offsetting short term debts (Whiteside 2007). From the analysis, it is recommended to an investor to invest in fantastic holdings limited. Those in need of loans from the companies are advised to con sult super retail group company. These findings are discussed in details in the sections below. Table of contents 1.0 Executive Summary ....................................................................................2 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 3.0 Profitability ................................................................................................ ..4 4.0 Efficiency .................................................................................................... 5 5.0 Financial Stability ....................................................................................... .7 5.1 Short Term .......................................................................................... 7 5.2 Long Term ........................................................................................... 7 6.0 Limitations .......................................................................... ..........................8 7.0 Recommendations .......................................................................................10 8.0 List of References .........................................................................................11 9.0 Appendices ...................................................................................................12 10.0 Assignment Planner ................................................................................ ..14 11.0 Mark Sheet ............................................................................ ...................16 2.0 Introduction This report analyzes two big companies; fantastic holdings limited and super retail group limited. Fantastic holdings limited is a big company dealing in manufacturing and sale of furniture. It manages over 125 retail stores running in five different chains of goods. The chains include; Le Cornu, original mattress factory, FHL, national retailers fantastic furniture and push and Dar e gallery. It is also a major manufacturer of mattresses and sofas (Plunkett & Plunkett Research 2008). On the other hand, super retail group is a leading company having eight groups. This includes; super cheap auto and super retail commercial, rebel, ray’s outdoors, FCO fishing camping outdoors, gold cross cycles, BCF boating camping fishing and Amart sports. The company has specialized in the retail of sporting, automotive goods and leisure equipment (Madaan 2009). This report tries to analyze the progress of the two companies financially in regard to profits gained over certain periods of time, sales returns and profitability of the two compan

Saturday, July 27, 2019

The Life of Mozart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Mozart - Essay Example Born in 1756, Mozart seemed to have inherited the interest for music from his father, Leopold Mozart who was a choir master and the court musician for the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg (Herbermann, 1913, p.623). Mozart demonstrated his skills in piano before he was above five years of age. He was honored with the Order of the Golden Spur when he was only thirteen years old. Mozart had an estranged relationship with his father though he had gained his initial inspirations from him itself. This had worsened after the death of his mother, when Mozart decided to walk out on his father and become a self made person. He married in Constanze and he also consumed alcohol heavily. It is said the he died of rheumatic fever (Jenkins, 2005, p.113). Music and conflicts Mozart was born in the time when the Christian society was torn between the Catholics and the Protestants. His parents had to travel extensively from London to Austria. Mozart was also a prodigy in languages as he had learnt fiftee n languages over his life time. â€Å"In 1769, the 13-year-old Wolfgang had composed the first 65 pieces in the Kochel catalogue. The Kochel catalogue is the definitive system for identifying Mozart’s works; each piece is designated by either â€Å"K†, for Kochel or â€Å"KV†, for Kochel-Verzeichnis (German for Kochel Catalogue) and followed by a number between 1 and 626† (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, n.d, p.2). Mozart met Johann Christian Bach during 1764-1765 who made a big impression in his career and music (Flothuis, 2001, p.2). Bach’s music had greatly influenced Mozart to compose his creations in the form of symphonies and piano concertos. He had also absorbed some of J.C. Bach’s creations in his own music. Mozart was a very troubled person from within. He was not accepted by the society initially and his financial condition was also very poor. He was also neglected by the emperor Leopold II who thought his music to be a laughable kind of music. The previous emperor, Joseph II, had shown admiration for Mozart in spite of his scarcity in monetary support and his infamous comment. However, Mozart was completely ignored by Leopold II who had not included the composer in the musicians who were invited to the coronation of the emperor in Frankfurt in the year 1790 (Greene, 2007, p.410). Compositions During his life time of 35 years Mozart had composed 600 works that included 16 operas, 41 symphonies, 27 piano concerti, 5 violin concerti, 25 string quartets, and 19 masses (Foley & Bangert, 2000, p.210). His compositions had formed the basis for many music composers like Beethoven. In the later years, Mozart had incorporated the musical styles from other countries into his creations. Mozart had perfected the symphony for operas. Mozart was well known for his symphonies such as Symphony No. 40 in G minor. His compositions â€Å"have become synonymous with the Classical "age of elegance," and are perhaps best exemplified by the well-known Serenade in G major, which the composer called Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A little night music)† (The Classical Period, 2008). Conclusion Mozart was considered to be one of the pioneers composers of all times. His music depicted a bold expression that was sometimes complex and dissonant, and often required greater technical knowledge from the musicians who

Friday, July 26, 2019

Assess the different sources of the law in England and Wales. To what Essay - 7

Assess the different sources of the law in England and Wales. To what extent have external sources affected its development - Essay Example The public laws are used to enforce order among citizens and the state while private laws are used to enforce order between citizens and organization that fall in the private domain. These two laws are further broken down into civil law and criminal law (Goodchild, Embly & Slorach2013 P.34). As a sub branch of Public law , criminal law entails laws which define what is acceptable as appropriate conduct and a contravention of such laws is deemed an offence to not only the individuals affected but to the society as a whole. Civil laws fall within private laws and are used to solve disputes which arise in family matters in cases such as inheritance or domestic violence. They are also used in cases of probate and law as well as contracts, negligence and employment. Common law can be defined as legal precedent that is made by judges sitting in a court. Common law is constantly changing because the interpretation and knowledge of legal precedent and application of common sense as pertains to individual’s cases and available facts is bound to change (Antoine 2008, P.4) Common law can be traced back to three English crown courts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (Wingfield 2009, P7). These courts were the Common pleas, the King’s Bench and the Exchequer. It was assumed in those times that the custom of the people was the law as stipulated by the Kings’ courts. Even though the decisions were based on prior judicial pronouncements, in cases where there were statutes stipulated to govern particular disputes, judicial interpretation of those statutes were sought in order to evaluate how the law would apply in such case scenarios. Judges in the courts are tasked with creating the common laws by delivering written judgments about the cases before them. The Magistrate courts or other lesser courts are however not allowed to make their own precedent as this would lead to confusion in different regions of England and Wales (Antoine 2008,

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Inclusion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inclusion Plan - Essay Example Many view this as a step towards the right direction as this has influenced the physically challenged to compete with those that are fit for opportunities in society, which is a move from the conventional discrimination. With this, the establishment of an inclusive plan that helps in the successive integration of persons with disabilities into an ordinary class has become the focus of many institutions, making them to be reputable organizations. In this regard, this essay will design an inclusion plan for a child with autism, in which its development will be in line with the suggestions made by those with autism, their families, caregivers, the public and the various interested partners in the community. Autism is a brain development disorder that develops in children before they attain the age of three characterized by challenges in social interaction, repetitive behavior and non-verbal communication. Autism is one of the disorders under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis as in the past experts treated them as distinct subtypes. The other disorders that form the ASD umbrella are Asperger’s Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Syndrome, not otherwise specified. Asperger syndrome abbreviated as AS is a condition under the Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) umbrella that influences immense social interaction difficulties and non-verbal communication with those affected by the condition exhibiting repetitive behavioral patterns. AS is a contrary condition as compared to the other Pervasive developmental disorders as because of there is the retention of cognitive development and those with this condition also maintain their linguistic. In terms of costs, a household that has an autistic child spends at least sixty thousand dollars on a yearly basis in relation to the management and education of this childhood disorder in special

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beauty - Essay Example Against this backdrop, this essay intends to demonstrate deep thought on the idea of ‘beauty.’ More often, the idea of beauty is often related to peoples’ physique. Women in the modern day often desire to look beautiful. Identifiably, they often engage in conducting varied sorts of activities with the purpose of looking more attractive. However, the idea of beauty is not limited to peoples’ physique. In contrast, some people would perceive the idea of beauty more than outer appearances. In this regard, beauty can be ugly and sadness as well. In this respect, it can be quoted that â€Å"Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder.† Notably, everything has its own beauty but the differences lie how an individual perceive things. Beauty can be categorized as combination of numerous factors. Notably, in humans, beauty can be duly considered as the combination of goodness and confidence. Although it is not essential for every individual to have positive or negative conceptions regarding beauty, rather the perceptions of the people regarding beauty can vary. For in stance, an individual may perceive the seven colors in the rainbow to be beautiful, while others may have the opposite viewpoint. In certain circumstances, an individual may compare one individual with another or one object with another in order to judge beauty. A few individual may involve extensive analysis of an individual or an object based on which they may develop the idea of beauty. It is worth mentioning that people often tend to relate the idea of beauty with attractiveness. Although it can be stated that one may find a particular person or an object to be attractive, the same person may not relate it with beauty. Thus, it depends on inimitable characteristics, desires, and beliefs of an individual that influences their perceptions to decide what is beautiful. Notwithstanding, everything in this

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Mapp v. Ohio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mapp v. Ohio - Research Paper Example In 1957, it was believed by the Cleveland Police Department that Dollree Mapp and her daughter were hiding a wanted suspected bombing fugitive at their home. Upon demanding entrance into her home, Mapp was advised by her attorney to deny them entrance as they did not possess the proper search papers. As time passed, more officers arrived at her home, still demanding entrance. Tired of being denied, they forced a door open and made their way into Mapp’s house. Immediately, Mapp required them to show proof that they had the authority to enter her house at all; in response, the officers procured a warrant, which turned out to be just a piece of paper completely unrelated to a search warrant. Although Mapp was able to grab the â€Å"warrant†, it was pulled from her later, and when confronted in court, the police were unable to show proof that the document had been real. As the officers searched the house for the bombing suspect, they find a trunk in Mapp’s basement that contains a variety of â€Å"lewd and lascivious (Cohen, 2009)† books and photographs. Even though Mapp claimed that the trunk was being held for a friend, police still arrested her, as the possession of these materials were against Ohio law. However, despite what police found, there was never any hint of a fugitive or any wanted person in the house. All the same, Mapp was convicted by the Court of Common Pleas based on the material that had been found in her home. When Mapp tried to appeal to the Ohio Court of Appeals, she was again to be found in the wrong. She took her case to the Supreme Court of Ohio, where her attorney fought that Mapp has no reason to have been brought to trial as the evidence in question was obtained as the result of an illegal search that had been accomplished without the use of a warrant. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled against Mapp, claiming that the items from the trunk had been taken from an inanimate object and not a human being, allowing the

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home Essay Example for Free

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home Essay It is a personal and specific decision that has its perks as well as its pitfalls. Advancements in womens rights in the workplace have encouraged women to acquire higher paying Jobs. However, recent research suggests that more women are choosing to stay at home. It is not because of a lack of education or opportunity; they simply dont want to have someone else raise their children. A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 1999 found that the more hours a child spent at a non- maternal care before age 5, the less positive the childs interactions with his/her other will be. Two studies published in 2003 conducted by the NICHD found that children in day care had higher levels of stress and were more aggressive than those cared for at home by the mother. There are millions of children, however, who have working mothers and who grow up to be responsible, sucessful adults. Benefits for children raised by stay-at-home mothers. STABILITY: This is the main benefir for your children. Knowing that you are there gives your child stability. You are able to answer your child questions, dry tears, and offer support. In addition, you will never get those year back. They experience fewer emotional and behavioural problems in childhood: want to help ensure your children turn out to be happy and socially well adjusted? Bond with them when they are infants. Thats the message from the university of Lowa, USA, which found that infants who have a close intimate relationship with their mothers are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioural problems when they reach school age. Bonding with your child has proven to help in a childs mental and emotional development. Consistency: Your children can rely on you. They can trust the consistency on the way you run your household. Being consistent with mealitimes, Chores, baths, and bedtimes teaches children organization and discipline. They need this consistency to give them structure and routine in their lives. Quality time: All kids need quality time with their mothers. Quality time gives them the assurance of being loved all the time. Quality time also keeps your child out of trouble, which often stems from boredom. the memories they will have of you depend on this quality time

Monday, July 22, 2019

Globalization and Regional Strategies Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Regional Strategies Essay Executive Summary It is clear enough that in today’s era it is extremely critical for firms to adopt global and regional business strategies in order to attain sustainable competitive advantage. But the question arises regarding classification of a MNE (Multinational Enterprise) as a global firm. This essay critically analyses the work on regional strategy as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino and attempts to cover the following aspects in detail. Notion of Globalization and Global Strategy This section highlights the notion of globalization and way organizations today establish a global presence by adoption of unique business strategies. This part also details the three different kind of global strategies. Regional Strategy Analysis This part analyzes the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in today’s era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs. global MNE’s (Multinational Enterprises) strategy. The Theory of the Regional Strategy This section explains the concept of regional strategy analysis and illustrates the various regional theories as explained by Osegowitsch and Sammartino. Introduction With the concept of globalization and internationalization gaining more and more momentum everyday, this essay attempts to critically analyse the work of Osegowitsch and Sammartino on regional strategy. It starts with explaining the concept of globalisation and global strategy and tries to justify that in today’s era very few global firms exist. Secondly, it tries to establish that significant amount of international business literature and theory is demanded in order to draw conclusion on regional vs. global MNEs strategy by exploring the theory of regional strategy. Notion of Globalization and Global Strategy Globalization can be defined as a complex concept which enables firms to operate in various continents and countries across the globe in order to improve and maximise their profit margins, sustainability, worldwide existence and economies of scale (Blyton et al., 2001). Globalization provides platform not only to consumers but also to organizations to help them satisfy their needs globally. According to Marquardt Berger (2003), Trade, Travel, Technology and Television are the four major developments that have resulted in Globalization. The four T’s of global development are the outcome of human brain and its creative innovations. These advancements have further encouraged and made possible continuous exchange of ideas, information and knowledge between human resources by breaking the barriers of distance. Moving ahead, Bratton Gold (2007) state that Globalization is a global process of political convergence, social economies and national sentiments, in which space, time and Government are not given much importance. The paragraph below will now highlight the three different views on â€Å"global strategy†. The First view states that the global strategy is one of the particular and specific forms of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) Strategy. Further, it highlights the fact that Globalization considers all the countries of the world alike (Levitt, 1983). The Second view considers global strategy as â€Å"International Strategic Management† (Bruton et al., 2004) which is no doubt wider concept than â€Å"global strategy† mentioned in the first view. Lastly, the third view describes global strategy in even broader term; The strategy of the firms that exist all over the globe and this can be concluded as the firm’s theory of how to become a successful competitor (Peng, 2006). Having discussed the various forms of global strategies which are adopted by firms today, this essay now moves ahead to analyse the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in today’s era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs global MNE’s (Multinational Enterprises) strategy. The Regional Strategy Theories According to Rugman and Verbeke (2007), recent literature on globalization suggests that a firm is categorised as global if maximum 50% of its total sales are in its home territory (EU) and minimum 20% of sales in each of the NAFTA zone and Asia. He adds to it by bringing to surface the outcome of survey based upon this theory that indicated only nine global firms in Fortune Global 500 and also the orientation of numerous firms towards the home-region. In response to the above mechanism for classifying the firm as global, Osegowitsch and Sammartino (OS) (2008) have provided three basic criteria and comments that can be helpful in future classification of firms according to their geographic sales dispersion. Firstly, OS suggest that it is not appropriate to classify statistical data straightaway. It should be realised that since this is a growing area of research, usage of any kind of classification tool is open to criticisms as it is not simply the categorization of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) following particular regional strategy theories. As an example, OS focus on building and having strong position in the region by illustrating that if the EU, NAFTA region and Asia represents 90% of the total world sales output, an absolute division would require all the three regional triads to have 30% sales each and not 33.3% in order to encourage the strategy of lower thresholds. In other words, a firm can be defined as global if it has at least 20% of the total sales in the two host-triad regions and without any kind of imposition on the maximum sales threshold in the home territory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Additionally, it should also be noted that it is not at all relevant to categorize a firm as having strong position in the market if its threshold is lower than 20% of t he total sales. OS even conducted a simulation using threshold value as 10% of the net sales in order to identify a string position in the host region as it would result to USD $1 billion even for the smallest of the Fortune Global 500 firms. But unfortunately, it didn’t present a strong position and can by no means be considered as an essence for strategic decision making in the worlds largest organizations. OS clearly argues that using various thresholds is helpful in assessing the sensitivity of firm’s positions in the classification system but the main function should always be to provide an assessment of the Future Global 500 and to easily track firms whose thresholds are continuously changing from one category of threshold to another. A clear example of this is Nokia which encountered a 4% decline in sales in the year 2002. However, this change in sales pattern reflected a short term failure in inter-regional growth but OS criticizes that it cannot be simply neglected. Movement of Nokia from a global organization in 2001 towards a home based firm in 2001 was a remarkable concern. In one line, it can be stated that having threshold below 20% simply leads to generation of more bi-regional firms and which can’t be regarded as truly global organizations. Moving ahead, the second regional strategy criterion which OS highlights is that the sales variations are highly industry specific. According to OS, industry plays a significant role and all future researched should aim at exploring the regional vs global strategies at the industry specific levels and try to establish the difference. It is truism that a majority of firms are not properly internationalized and their sizes varies across regions but then its some of the world’s biggest MNEs that have constantly been regarded as capable of compens ating for the weaknesses of the other sectors in different regions of the world. The main point to be considered is that our analysis are independent of differential size of numerous industries that exist across the region, as MNEs are able to establish regional markets and to further develop insufficient markets. Lastly, in third comment it is argued that it would be irrelevant to prefer regional strategy over global strategy. Regional strategies come into existence when it becomes very difficult or impossible to adopt conventional global strategies efficiently, or when they fail to function, keeping in mind that global strategies cannot be evaluated in isolation. Further, it can be said that heterogeneous geographic space beyond the home country border is essential for most of the companies now if not all of them. Moving ahead, this section of the essay will now make an attempt to tackle the criticism formed by OS concerning the contribution of regional strategy to the international business theory. According to (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007), the regional strategy is structured around three simple but fundamental empirical observations which demand international business theory to be extended and enhanced. First of all, only a small number of MNEs have a balanced geographical sales distribution pattern across the global market, although it counts towards the risk diversification at the downstream end of the value chain. OS illustrate that a balanced and structured distribution of sales geographically would contribute towards enhanced global acceptance by the customers of the company’s products and services. With only the exception of resource-based industries, the triad comprising the EU, NAFTA region and Asia demonstrates a first cut though not certainly a fixed one mechanism to identify the extent to which an MNEs net sales are distributed worldwide. Further, this triad has gained so much importance as it is the home of world’s most large MNEs as well as the locus for a number of outstanding innovations in most industrial sectors. The triad also demonstrates the world demand pattern for most knowledge intensive services and goods. But it’s unfortunate to mention that only a small number of MNEs in the Fortune Global 500 are capable of performing equally well in each of the three regions of the triad. It is often observed that a strong position in the home-triad region is not supported with an equally strong position in both the other two remaining triad environments. Classification tools are now irrelevant as among the firms with international operations only a small percentage are truly global i.e. may be even less than 5% (Ghemawat and Ghadar, 2006). They further add to it and state that different firms rule in different parts of the world. Second wing of the regional strategy focuses on the fact that several MNEs have regional features in the organizational structure such as geographic divisions and having individual divisions for different regions is supported mainly by the concept of regional heterogeneity demanding idiosyncratic management. In this case, the intra-regional institutional and economic distance is not just smaller but also very different from that of the interregional. It has been observed that for most MNEs, managing operations and work system in EU is very different from functioning system of the NAFTA region or as compared with the work cultural of Asian environment. These differences may further be enhanced if the work unit is further subdivided into smaller units. Fratiannin (2006) states that these differences in work system signal the importance of regional level in the business strategy and structure of MNEs. Today, almost all big firms such as Toyota, General Electric (GE) have embedded regional elements in their business and operational strategies and these companies are often wrongly referred to as global organizations not just because of lack of balanced geographic distribution but also because of their world wide global operations and manufacturing (Ghemawat, 2005). Thirdly, it should be noted that more than fifty percent of the geographic area in terms of sales is normally the main source of the firm’s cash flows and the centre point of most of the firms both tangible and intangible assets. In the coming years, the concept of having more than 50% sales in the home territory would not be significant enough in EU and North America specifically but it would gain momentum in Asian region as intra-regional distance is minimizing and thereby driven by a reduction of investment barriers and trade. Competition among industries would be more prevalent at the regional level instead of the national level. OC highlight that attention should now be laid on the development of classification tool that will help bundle the home country sales with the sales in the remainder of the home territory rather than paying attention separately to the sales in the home region and remaining of the home region especially for MNEs based in Asia and EU. Moving ahead, the above discussed observations and theories clearly demonstrate the need for an extended international business theory. These observations are independent of specific categorization approaches to measure specific home-region vs. rest-of-the-world market position of MNEs. A trend has always been seen that all the MNEs are much stronger in their home regions as compared to that in other triad regions. These top MNE firms have formulated their organizational structures around the regional component and a varying market position in each region raises call for a regional approach rather than a global strategy approach. The paragraph below now will bring to surface the three main components for the extension on mainstream international business theory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Firstly, it is noticed that impact of country border does not provide strong basis for distinguishing between non- location bound (or internationally deployable/exploitable) and location bound. In today’s period of excess regionalization, it is very easy for some companies to exploit and deploy their strengths throughout the home country border. Further, proxies for internationally transferable FSA’s such as firms level predictors of internationalization like firm’s level of RD do not hold much importance in explaining intra-regional expansion occurring in home region, given the distance gap between the home country and rest of the home region is very less. As a result of well-functioning trans-European transport and logistics networks enabling fast response and just in time strategies covering the whole continent, the significance of geographic distance has decreased in EU. The EU integration process itself has let to decrease in Institutional distance. Further, Economic distance has lost its relevance because of many reasons such as development of new services and products at par with European level, possibility of cross border shopping made possible by web based searches, continuous attempts made by many companies to gain scale and scope efficiencies at the European level and lastly, increased importance of EU as a geographic space to ascertain company’s conduct, structure and importance. Finally, decreased significance of conventional measures of cultural distance mainly in the business to business area as it is easy to get labour in Europe, considerable increase in use of English as the lingua franca inside the region. On sharp contrast between past and present position of conventional location bound FSAs it can be clearly stated that previously they allowed firm expansion only up to country borders but now it can be easily upgraded, and made deployable and exploitable even beyond the home country borders and also in othe r home region countries. Secondly, there is a need to reconsider the fact that non-location-bound FSAs like technological knowledge or brand can be easily exploited and deployed nationwide. Today also it is necessary to complement existing FSA bundles with an additional FSA bundle in high distance environments which implies distance still plays an important role. According to Ghemawat (2005), there are several ways to differentiate between low and high distance environments, one major distinction being that between home regions and host regions in a triad context. Moreover, it is clear that extension and scope of mainstream international theory is free from any scholars disagreeing with the concept of the triad region as the best proxy to discriminate between low-distance environments (in this case the home-triad region) and high-distance environment (in this case the two host-triad regions). High distance implies to making more substantial investments in order to complement its present FSA bundles, also ena bling maximum and profitable exploitation in the host region environment. Here, the apparent trade off becomes obvious: further the efforts to expand the high-distance environment may not be proved to be as successful and profitable as the expansion of low distance environment, even if it is suggested by macro-level parameters which measure the attractiveness of the high-distance environment that they have strong location advantages. As stated by Nachum and Wymbs (2007) in regard to global cities that FSAs and location advantages are dependent on each other. High distance bundles also has many risk factors along with it like melding the extant FSA bundles with newly developed or accessed resources in the high distance environment may lead to burdened with several operational problems, decreased or disappointing sales, as exemplified by the retreat of some of the world’s largest MNEs from high-distance contexts, for example, Wal-Mart’s exit from Germany and Korea. . Thirdly, the theoretical difference between the two FSAs namely location bound and non-location bound FSAs assume conventionally easy developments and profitable exploitation of FSAs (like brand names or technological knowledge of proprietary) across borders. Moreover, it is very essential to acclimatize the brief contents of these two concepts to the authenticity of regionalization. More particularly, the factors that determine the extent of FSAs are, its distance accompanied by its geographic, institutional, economic and cultural components. The level at which a FSA should be called location-bound vs non-location bound is estimated by decay in value across a space. On the basis of terms like region bound nature of FSAs and the liability of inter regional foreignness it has been highlighted that for international business other geographic borders hold more importance than conventional country borders in our previous study. After studying the concepts and theories of regional strategy, we now try to establish the extent to which Procter Gamble could be categorized as a global firm in terms of its business and operational strategies. The Case of Procter Gamble Procter Gamble Co. – One of the worlds leading consumer goods manufacturer such as Tide, Pantene, Ariel etc was established in 1837 from an original candle and soap company. The firm now operates in 180 nations with more than 138,000 employees. According to Lafley, A. G., Chairman of the Board and chief Executive Officer, PG, the firm has over 171 years of history and has always been driven by creativity and innovation. Additionally, improved sales and long term success have always been the strategic goals of this corporation. And it understands the fact that these goals can be attained by constantly appreciating changing consumer’s needs, innovation, branding and market needs. Depending entirely on skunk work such as acquisitions, internal RD and selective innovations has proved to be inefficient and insufficient for attaining the business target of $4 billion business in a time period of one year. It can be clearly seen that invent- it-ourselves model along with global research facilities and recruiting and holding of the best talent nationwide attained success till the year 2000 but nowadays satisfying high levels of top line growth has become a big challenge for an organization The approach through which the radical strategy of open innovation helped an organization attain its business mission and goal can be typified in the following lines. To face the challenge, PG adopted a brand new technique of innovation: Develop and Connect model in the year 2000 which lays great importance on searching good and new ideas and information outside and bringing them in, in order to give internal capabilities a boost and make most out of them. With the perspective of manufacturing improved and relatively cheaper products faster the business strategy involved in this model was to leverage assets of people, products and property available externally and applying it to their respective RD labs, purchasing, market capabilities and production. The foremost work of this strategy is to recognize top ten preferences and needs of the consumer. Moreover, it is very essential that the customers are fully satisfied by the products manufactured and which will finally result in increased sales and profit. Moving ahead, alike products or related technologies which already exist in the market and occupy good position are recognized. Lastly, analysing the influence of technological acquisition of one area over the other areas. Networking is the backbone of this approach. Along with having business collaborations with open networking companies such as InnoCentive and Ninesigma, the PG group has long chain of suppliers and technological entrepreneurs worldwide. They play a crucial role by finding solutions to PG internal problems in the outside world. Thus, by constructing such type of infrastructure PG has been able to reduce its investment in technology along with achieving stable top line growth and required sustainability. According to Huston and Sakkab (2000), by shifting to Connect and Develop model there has been a remarkable increment in our RD production by 60% and the progress rate of innovation has undoubtedly doubled. The Procter Gamble figures out how an organization can maximize its profitability levels by switching to new and innovative The Procter Gamble examples mirrors the way how switching to new and innovative approaches of using information and technology can help maximise profit margins. It is one of the organisations which has developed enabling infrastructure fabricated around innovation with a huge worldwide network combining human capital, ideas and technology. Conclusion This essay has brought to surface a number of strategies which can help firms to establish strong positions globally like having a threshold of 20% etc. The main aim which was to justify that a firm cannot be simply categorized as global based upon statistical data has been justified. A number of measures have also been illustrated which can help differentiate the firms regional strategy from the global strategy. References Blyton, P., Lucio, M., McGurk, J. and Turnbull, P. (2001) â€Å"Globalization and trade union strategy: industrial restructuring and human resource management in the international civil aviation industry†, International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 445-463. Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice (4th edn), New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Bruton, G., Lohrke, F. and Lu, J. W. (2004) The evolving definition of what comprises international strategic management, Journal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp. 413-429. Fratianni, M. (Ed.) (2006) Regional economic integration, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 12, Oxford: Elsevier. Ghemawat, P. (2005) Regional strategies for global leadership, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83, No. 12, pp.98-108. Levitt, T. (1983) The globalization of markets, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61, pp. 92-102. Marquardt, M. and Berger, N. (2003) The Future: Globalization and New Roles for HRD, Advances in Developing Human Resources, pp. 283-295. Nachum, L. and Wymbs, C. (2007) The location and performance of foreign affiliates in global cities. In A. M. Rugman (Ed.), Regional aspects of multinationality and performance, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 13, pp. 221-257, Oxford: Elsevier. Osegowitsch, T and Sammartino, A. (2008) Reassessing (home-regionalisation), Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2. Peng, M. W. (2006) Global Strategy, Cincinnati: South-Western Thomson. Rugman, A. M. and Verbeke, A. (2007) The theory and practice of regional strategy: A response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino, Kelly School of Business, Vol. 2, pp. 1-7.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Social and emotional learning (SEL)

Social and emotional learning (SEL) There is a daunting list of issues which face students and educators alike. A growing number of genuinely effective educational establishments are now coming to realise that competence in socio-emotional development and academic achievement are intrinsically linked and an integrated, coordinated approach (i.e. not just teaching children how to pass exams but educating them in how to develop life skills and deal with social challenges) in each of these areas not only helps students maximise their potential in school but throughout their lives. Educational establishments are now viewed as an important if not central arena for health promotion [and] primary preventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in addition to the education of students (Roeser, Eccles, Samoroff, 2000, p. 467). This information however, is far from new. Wang et al. (1997) examined 28 learning influence categories which were based on handbook chapters, surveys of national experts and research syntheses. Of their findings they discove red that of the 11 most influential categories, 8 of them involved factors which were socio-emotional (classroom climate, peer group, social interaction, etc). In support of this work the (American) National Center for Education Statistics (2002) cited that among the predominant reasons given for children dropping out of school several involved socio-emotional factors. Generally feeling left out made up 23.2% whilst those who did not get on with peers or teachers accounted for 20.1% and 35% respectively. 12.1% of the students said they did not feel safe. These worrying figures led Wang et al. to conclude that intervention of a direct kind in the psychological determinants of learning promises the most effective avenues of reform (p. 210) which also supports the cohesive provision of social and emotional learning throughout school-life. Social and emotional learning (SEL) is the ability within the student to recognise emotions and manage them effectively whilst establishing positive and healthy relationships with others around them (competencies which are inarguably essential for all pupils). Accordingly, the objectives of SEL are a combination of cognitions, behaviours and emotions. It is this process of knowledge acquisition and its effective application regarding attitudes and the development of related skills (including managing emotions, developing concern and care towards others, decision-making in a responsible manner and capably handling situations which may be challenging) (Beaty, 2008). Through positive engagement in activities within the classroom and outside the learning environment the students can learn SEL skills in a similar fashion to the manner in which they learn academic skills, then apply them and put them into practice. The increasingly complex situations which todays children face have are bet ter faced when these integrated and enhanced skills are applied (Elias et al., 1997). Much of prevalent practice and methodologies on SEL has evolved largely from research conducted by Goleman (1995) and Gardner (1993), both of whom started a great interest in SEL throughout the 1990s which has continued to the present day. On-going research has increasingly shown that those schools which make efforts to employ SEL and adopt its requirements produce outcomes which are positive. Parents and educators alike are progressively recognising the relationships across socio-emotional learning and academia, in particular within the systems of support found within the context of schools (Kearns, 2010). Within the context of safe, caring, well-managed and participatory school, classroom and extraneous learning environments, these learned skills are reinforced in the home, at school and within the community. All children benefit from instruction in social and emotional learning, although those who are already at risk, are beginning to engage in behaviour that is negative or those who may already display problems which are significant are particularly suited to SEL development. This is why early implementation of SEL programming is essential in order to allow children to develop their skills throughout their early childhood into adolescence. SEL programming focusses mainly on the universal prevention of behavioural problems and the promotion of socio-emotional competence as opposed to direct intervention. There may be smaller numbers of pupils who may require treatment which is moderate to intensive in order to develop socio-emotional competence but the intention of SEL programming is to enhance and promote growth in these areas for all children and to allow them to develop healthy behaviour structures as opposed to behaviours which may be mal-adaptive or unhealthy (Rice et al., 2006). A comprehensive and continuous system of support services which are based on student needs is the context within which SEL should be viewed. As such a support system, SEL is a concept which unifies the integration and coordination of school-based promotion and prevention programmes which reduce marginalisation and minimises fragmentation of these efforts. The most sustained and effective approaches should involve a partnership between educators, parents, students and community members in order to continuously and effectively plan, implement and evaluate the efforts of SEL. Socio-emotional education should begin in pre-school and continue throughout formal education. It should also be intentionally entwined to academic development and is an integral element of the national curriculum (Elias et al., 1997; Talay-Ongan Ap, 2005). With so many situations that can have negative effects on both the socio-emotional and the academic development of children, ultimately affecting their happiness in their lives, it is crucial that children are given SEL from an early age. An increased and generalised sense of fear and insecurity is purveyed throughout the media, from fanatical terrorism and government fear propaganda to adverts and unattainable levels of exquisiteness in teen magazines and music television. This is compounded by a continually increasing level of inequity between the rich and the poor (Wollman et al., 2003). The media constantly bombards the unprepared public with lurid stories of sleaze and corruption, spanning across all walks of previously respected life. Politicians, businessmen, people in positions of esteem, sports icons and popular culture figures (to name but a few) are all regularly featured in relentless stories and reports of unethical conduct and questionable behaviour. This was not a conc ern for generations gone by when the media was less forthright about the delivery of messages which encouraged unhealthy behaviour, nor was the threat of online danger via internet chat rooms and violent video games so prevalent. With so many role models with publicly tarnished reputations, and unethical behaviour increasingly commonplace, more and more students are finding a feeling of uncertainly with their lives and their futures. This disenfranchisement, insecurity, disillusionment, and in many cases, fear, provides a palpable case for stating that perhaps SEL is now more than ever an essential element of educational reform (Zins, et al., 2004). Many SEL initiatives which currently exist are fragmented in methodology and approach which detracts from their collective effectiveness. Extreme action such as the introduction of metal detectors, searching pupils upon entrance to school property, alongside school change management, recreational activities, school architecture and information materials (brochures, posters, etc.) can help prevent problem behaviours whilst promoting a safe environment but are far from the provision of a coordinated and cohesive programme. Rather the outcome is the loss of opportunities to reinforce skills across activities and initiatives along with a seemingly inevitable competition for resources. By using SEL as the organisational framework for such initiatives it can serve a broad array of positive promotional efforts whilst delivering effective prevention of negative behaviours (Gottfredson Gottfredson, 2001). There are several key competencies that are regarded as essential to be reinforced in SEL programming. They consist of: Self-awareness (the identification and effective regard for ones own emotions, a recognition of strength in both ones self and in others and a sense of self-confidence), a social awareness (which involves a sense of empathy and respect for others), responsible decision making (evaluating and reflecting upon personal, ethical responsibilities), self-management (controlling ones impulses, managing stress, developing persistence, setting goals and developing self-motivation) and relationship skills (learning cooperation, seeking and providing help and developing effective communication) (Bear, 2005). As previously noted, it is when they are taught and developed in a caring, well-managed and supportive learning environment that these competencies are they delivered most effectively. Autonomic development, ethical advancement and self-discipline are all more effectively furthered in environments whereby care, consideration, mutual respect, cooperation and decision making are normal conduct. These contexts find themselves structured in such a way that they encourage exploration among students to try new or innovative learning activities. They can also provide accessible opportunities in order to address personal problems or requirements and allow support with the establishment of positive peer and adult relationships. The result is that students feel a sense of safety and security, and are not fearful of making mistakes. A reciprocal relationship should exist in the classroom between SEL and the climate of the school. The school environment which is positive and promotes SEL effectively is affected positively by the development of SEL in its students. This synergistic process exists due to the interdependent nature of social, emotional and academic growth (Dolby, 2007). Given the continuing positive outcomes of research conducted on SEL it seems clear that the responsibility to deliver effective programmes is evident. This means that educators should not only teach and assess SEL for all students within their care but should also be responsible for the conduction of reliable assessment of socio-emotional, health related and academic outcomes in tandem with acknowledgement and development of the school climate. All of this should be based on input gained from a range of constituencies, including, but not limited to, the students themselves, parents, community members and teachers. The assessment of SEL is an area which is still in need of further development and may soon become an area of particular interest to school psychologists. For acceptability and accountability purposes, a determination needs to be made regarding the value-assessable outcomes of SEL with regards to student learning and socio-emotional development, and to enable adequate devel opmental strategies in order to effectively review and improve the instruction delivered (Stormont, 2007). It is essential for todays students to be prepared not only to pass academic exams but pass tests that they will encounter in day to day life. Socio-emotional competence is closely related to academic achievement and to remain effective, educators should focus efforts on coordinated and integrated instruction on each area thoroughly in order to maintain the greatest potential among pupils to succeed both in academia and throughout their lives. Growing research concludes that SEL intervention of an evidence-based nature is increasingly becoming associated with health, academic achievement and ethical conduct. This creates the constant challenge of how to implement SEL as a core element of the national curriculum and perhaps more importantly how to develop relevant programming which is sustainable and effective.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

History of Jamaica Essay -- Essays Papers

History of Jamaica Columbus discovered Jamaica on May 5, 1494, one year after he heard of the existence of the island. However, the true history of Jamaica begins with the African-Jamaican people who came to the island twenty years after the English took control from the Spaniards. The history of Jamaica can be broken up into different time periods, which were defined by watershed moments or events. Jamaican history begins with the establishment of the native islanders called the Tainos who inhabited the island for hundreds of years before the discoveries of Columbus. (JNHT 1) The Tainos are a subgroup of the Arawak people who were first native to South America. These indigenous groups traveled by canoe to the Caribbean islands hundreds of years prior to the arrival of Europeans. The Tainos developed the first social, political, and economical systems on the island of Jamaica. Their social system followed the beliefs of their many gods who could be found in almost any material or animal. The political system constructed was similar to the hierarchy of many European countries with a Chief and nobles. The nobles acted as advisors to the Chief and every citizen in the tribe had a role in the community. Also regions were divided by geographical location and ruled by chiefdoms. The Tainos economic system was basic and simple compared with the standards of today. It was based on fishing and hunting from the surrounding environment. Large mounds were used to slow the process of erosion and to improve drainage to better the living conditions in the tropic al climate. The fourth voyage of Columbus in 1494 established a Spanish influence in Jamaica. The original people of Jamaica, the Tainos, were severely devastated by the Spanish invasion. The Taino population declined every year after the arrival of Columbus due to the spread of new diseases which they had little immunity to. Having little access to the already poor treatments and medicines available at the time furthered the decrease in Taino population. The Taino population decreased by more than half of their original population by 1598 because of Spanish presence. (Carley) New Seville became the first settlement built by the Spanish in 1510. Nueva Sevilla was governed by Columbus' son Di... ...nging of the capital and political system was a shift in island productions from sugar to bananas. (Sherlock) The Great Depression, which affected everyone in the world during the 1930’s, was another event that brought about positive changes in Jamaica. Jamaica’s depression came towards the end of the United States depression. Coinciding with the depression was the leaf spot disease found on bananas causing exports to decrease as well as job opportunities. The decline in social conditions resulted in labor riots that ended with the deaths of a few workers, but turned Jamaica into a self-Independent nation. The economic revolution can be characterized as a â€Å"Cultural Revolution† because of the Jamaicans binding together in times of adversity and pushing for a more democratic system (Carley 195). The leader of the labor riots, Alexander Bustamante, became the first Prime Minister of Jamaica. In 1944, voting rights were given to all Jamaicans 21 and older; also in 1944, the Jamaican Labor party gained control of the government. After years of struggles and repr ession from European dominance, Jamaica finally gained full independence from England on August 5, 1962. (JNHT 4)

Customer Relationship Management Essay -- Business CRM

As a Business Administration major I have learned there are several different components that make up a successful business, and it is important that everyone work together to achieve a common goal. The ultimate goal of most companies is to create a product or service that will gain a place in the market and stay there. Customer relationships are the most important factor for companies to consider when aiming toward success. What can companies do to improve customer relationships? Improving customer loyalty means the customer keeps coming back even if they are not always completely satisfied with the product. When I think about what brings customers back, and the most important part of a company’s success, it is undeniably customer relationship management. With it being easier for customers to shop from their home or office, and the growing competition making it easier to switch, the relationships become increasingly more important every day. Focusing more effort on cus tomer retention and loyalty in customer relationships would improve their chances of surviving in the market. Companies are now turning to this business strategy supported by information technology. These customer service programs are designed to assist in a company’s business operations. Companies like Siebel, E.piphany, Oracle, Broadvision, Net Perceptions, Kana and others have designed products that do everything from track customer behavior on the Web to predicting their future moves to sending direct e-mail communications. Customer Relationship Management can improve: Contact and account management, sales, marketing and fulfillment, customer service and support, and retention and loyalty. The part that deals specifically with the needs of the cust... ...to, what promotions to send to certain customers, and can inevitably save marketing dollars in the process. The management part of the programs is equally important. Once companies see progress or no progress with a customer they have to decide on an appropriate action. Companies do not want to sit back and watch customers disappear. Measuring the benefits will help companies identify their best customers and eliminate negative information flow between customers and the company. Customer Relationship Management has impacted the business world and changed the way customers are handled and the way customer satisfaction is valued. Murphy, John A. (2001). The Lifebelt: The Definitive Guide to Managing Customer Retention. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2001). Harvard Business Review on Customer Relationship Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression was a time of sadness and poverty for many. It became an unforgettable historical time in American history. The author of the book The Great Depression, Pierre Berton gives a clear view of what happened from 1929-1941. He basically outlines the Depression event by event, explaining what happened where and who was involved. Although many books can tell stories of the depression, I think the author of this book did a good job getting all the facts and letting the reader know exactly what happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is easily shown that the author, Pierre Berton, didn’t show much opinion in this book. He mainly focused on just the facts. He would however give some personal views of reasons for certain things or explanations. He probably got most of his information from a textbook or actual documents. He did a good job compiling these facts into a time line of events. He explains who each important person is that was involved in the times of the depression and all important laws passed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He began talking about the crash of the market, dubbed Black Thursday. The crash spelled disaster for the national economy. Corporations with heavy investments faced a sudden shock to their assets. This was the beginning of the depression. The national income slipped lower each year from 1929-1932, and it did not return until World War II. Unemployment became the most important problem of the depression to the people living in the US. Another major problem was that the agricultural prices were cut almost in half, and many farms foreclosed because of it. The author goes on to say that there are many different theories as to why the stock market crashed that day. One was that the attempts of the US government and the Federal Reserve Board to stop speculation caused an overreaction in the market, leading to the selling panic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next big event in the book was the effects the stock market crash had on America. The author did a great job by including interesting statistics and facts. In 1930, farm income had fallen to the lowest it has been since 1921. A result of this was that farmers didn’t have enough money. According to Berton 5 percent of farmers lost their land. Nowhere was it worse than in the dust bowl, a farming area in the Midwest. Many farmers were forced to move west because o... ...ever got off subject at any time. The reviewer also compliments Berton on his writing style. The way he would write was a way that he always made sense and made it interesting. I can’t disagree with that either, I found the book very interesting, it was hard to put down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was full of facts and interesting information, and I learned a lot from it. Pierre Berton didn’t present his information with any kind of bias, he just stated what was true. Occasionally he would add in some personal views, but they never strayed far from the truth. The book basically told the story of exactly what happened to the economy during the depression, and Berton did a great job explaining each part of it. He never tried to put in his opinions and state that they were fact. He never had an argument, he was just telling a story of the depression. Therefore there was no side he could’ve taken one way or the other. He wrote his words so that it was understandable for all. He made sure to add in some interesting facts and tell stories in order to keep the reader interested. I think Berton did a great job in summing up the cause and effects of the depression.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Examples of Discipleship Essay

I believe that Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Christian Aid are two prime examples of discipleship in this century, Bonhoeffer as an individual and Christian Aid as an organisation. Bonhoeffer was a German preacher born in 1906 to a medical professor and his wife in Breslau, a small town. From an early age he wanted to serve God, and so he studied theology at university and taught and preached in both Germany and America. He returned to his homeland in 1933 to protest against the newly elected Nazi party, and joined the new Confessing Church, having rejected his previous Protestant church for bowing to Hitler’s demands. He worked in a secret training centre for new pastors, run by the confessing church, for four years, as the Gestapo closed it down in 1937. After that, and with the signs of the oppression soon to be felt by the German people becoming clearer, Bonhoeffer took a more active role in his campaigning against the Nazis, eventually leading him to a cell in a prison and the hangman’s noose in 1945. One of the main tenants of Christian discipleship is Jesus’ teaching on the mountain: pacifism and love for enemies. Bonhoeffer was an avid believer in these ideals, and wrote his still-relevant book, The Cost of Discipleship, based around those thoughts. He interpreted the maxim of â€Å"If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also† as a call for pacifism and working out disagreements by reasoning rather than force. But Bonhoeffer was forced to challenge his own morals when the news of the violent anti-Semitism ignited by Hitler spread and several of his friends joined the German resistance. Most of those opposed to the Nazis saw that the only way to end the suffering caused by Hitler was to kill him. Public meetings were banned, and the press were heavily censored. The huge propaganda departments of the government would not allow any attempt by Bonhoeffer to spread his Christian teaching. So Bonhoeffer felt that he could be quiet, and wait until the war finished, and congratulate those that ended it, or he could play an active role in a plot to kill Hitler. Firstly he helped smuggle Jews out of Germany, but was caught and forced to give up any legitimate teaching. Forsaking any hope of reaching a peaceful end to the conflict, Bonhoeffer helped the bomb plot to assassinate Hitler. When it failed he was incarcerated, and he contemplated his deviance from Christian law. Bonhoffer had to make, on his own, one of the main questions that hangs over all belief systems: Whether the moment dictates what a person should do, or if people should always keep constant what they believe in. In his case it was between fighting evil and helping those in need or staying true to his pacifist roots. He chose to take a drastic step against some of Christ’s teachings to implement others, leading to his arrest and execution. This inevitable question still hangs over the church, and a viable answer has yet to be suggested. Christian Aid is a charity funded by numerous churches in the UK and Ireland. Although it is funded and staffed by Christians, Christian Aid will support any people in need, regardless of religion or race, and does not attempt to convert those it helps to Christianity. Although it combats poverty and need immediately and continually in global trouble areas, it also tries too stop poverty at it’s root, and was a large part of the ‘Jubilee 2000†² campaign to abolish third world debt. Christian aid has interpreted Jesus’ teaching on Discipleship and concentrated on the aid and help parts of his teaching. It would look to examples from his life: â€Å"When the sun was setting, the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness, and laying hands on each one, he healed them† (Luke 4:40) This sort of passage, frequent in the gospels, shows that Jesus cared greatly for the needy, rejecting the idea that they somehow ‘deserved’ their punishment, and was not afraid to get dirty and ritually ‘unclean’ to help. In the same way, Christian Aid was set up by Christians who do not judge those they help, and will go to any lengths to re-enact Christ’s good work. They also follow the teaching laid down by Jesus in his parables, such as the parable of the Good Samaritan: â€Å"He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own Donkey, brought him to an Inn and took care of him.† (Luke 10:34) The idea of this parable, where one man steps in where others fear to tread, inspires Christian Aid a lot, as they are physically helping the needy of the world while other members of society just stand back and watch, sometimes nodding approvingly. They see this following of Jesus as being true to one of Jesus’ main teachings, â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself† And seek to harmonise the lot of people around the world by abolishing suffering through war, poverty and disasters. As Christian Aids motto goes; â€Å"We believe in life before Death†, Christian Aid is rejecting the traditional view of the churches preaching yet not acting, and are playing an active role in the reduction of suffering. They see Jesus’ message not just as an instruction to put up with life until you die, but also as a chance to help the needy, and prove before God their faith as Christians.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

The Uk Smoking Problem Health And Social Care Essay

The purpose of this authorship is to critically touchst unitary and compargon and contrast the interrogation schemes, designs and methods, either second base corking as their immenseness used in MILCH, E. Catherine et Al ( 2004 ) . have surcease in stellar(prenominal)ry economic aid a clinical effectiveness hear of ii fair treatments published in Preventive medicament Vol. 38, pp. 284 294 and COLEMAN Tim, CHEATER Francine and stump spud Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Qualitative hatful look intoing the cognitive process of large anti- bullet advice in global exemplar published in Patient bringing up and Counseling, Vol. 52, pp. 159 163. At the actually beginning of this set up, it should be made clear, that chief focal speckle is to measure look for methodological analysiss and methods use in this dickens diary words, along with their rightness for turn toing the chosen interrogation inquiries. Additionally, attending exit be compensable to motivation litera ture and issues of sampling, dependability and cogency.First, a sum-up of the findings of this motif will be provided. Then, the look for design of each diary term will be discussed in bend. Finally, decisions will be drawn in exhibition to fulfill the purposes of this root word.ContextThrough the universe commode presents a public health job. In UK, all bit good as in USA hatful is one of the prima causes of decease 1 and is responsible for exceedingly high health trouble costs. Although, in both states there be server anti- roll of tobacco bubblies, in USA slightly tail of grownup the Statesns so-and-so 2 and in UK ab come on the identical per centum of grownups declares themselves as baccy users 3 . Coleman et al. , every bit good as milch et Al. project that close to 70 % of tobacco fancyt users see their general pr crookician ( GP ) at least(prenominal) one time a twelvemonth. m whatsoever surveies ( Ockene 1987, Glynn 1988, Manley, Epps and Glyn n 1992 and Silagy and Ketteridge 1999 ) show that tobacco users perceive practicians advice to al let loose as strong motivation for surcease. two surveies stress that, unluckily GP much fail to supply their patients with surcease advice either to avoid coming upon with patients or they do non possess a scope of accomplishments for tobacco user surcease guidance. For this grounds Coleman, cheater and Murphy wrote this composing researching modus operandi of endowment anti- take in advices in general pattern, one of a few which they based on same developments. Recognizing the importance of systematic communications protocols for surname of patients who dumbbell, Milch et al. put up clinical potency rivulet to measure effectivity of two simple intercessions ( critical mark form and poop appraisal questionnaire ) on have surcease in uncreated attention.Your boilers suit feeling? ? ? ? ? ?SummaryImportanceThe paper azQualitative adopt look intoing the procedure of g iving anti- roll of tobacco advice in general pattern posits an interesting tie betwixt ( 1 ) GP ( 2 ) their repertory of techniques for covering with tobacco users who were non incite to halt and ( 3 ) factors that influence the procedure of giving anti- sens advices. Previous survey conducted by same writers az Factors act uponing treatment well-nigh anti smoke between general practicians and patients who smoke a qualitative survey British ledger of General Practitioners 2000 Vol. 50, pp. 207 210 draw outs that GPs normally expect negatively charged reaction from patients to whom they give anti smoke advice. Furthermore, GPs perceive relationship between doc and patient as hap slight. For all this grounds, they were less likely to speak about smoke with patients and they carefully choose with which patients to discourse it. The paper aims to derive insight into GP air in relation to anti-smoking guidance and impression hypothesis and recommendations how this procedure could be melio say in future. This was at the ramble on of bulky importance as new smoking surcease services were adopted in UK that appointd preparation of health professionals in anti smoke methods. Therefore, efficient preparation distinguish for GPs should include findings from current clinical pattern. Though, principal(prenominal) for lending to GPs pattern, it must be mentioned that erstwhile(a) documents of this writers based on the same information and covering with really similar inquiries agree the originality of this piece of composing. Additionally, opine of premise that sparked moody this paper is based on informations produced by the same theme of writers which might propose that research worker prejudice exists to some extent.It is ever utile to include otherwise research documents cut downing research worker prejudiceKEY FINDINGSThis paper is of import because it makes a part to familiarity how GP cohere down anti smoke treatment, what is content of t heir messages and what attack GP adopt. Coleman, cheat and Murphy suggest that GPs subscribe to great care how to raise inquiry of smoking. Two ways are predominating about half(prenominal) of the GPs interviewed say that they use several(prenominal) different methods to get down intercourse and observe patients reaction and other half utilize humour or low key attacks to bring on the issuance in a non-threatening manner Coleman, bearded darnel and Murphy ( 2004, p. 161 ) . Additionally, general practicians appropriateted that they lack qualified methods and accomplishments for measuring smokers motive to discontinue. Body linguistic communication, position and oculus contact were one of really of import motive indexs. If patients give tongue to that they are in the center of quitting or are cutting down on coffin nails they were considered as motivated. The one helplessness to halt, despite several negotiations with GPs, was considered as unmotivated. at once succe ssfully originating the conversation, general practicians focused on conveying the message about wellness and economic benefits of halting smoke, every bit good as raising reason about smoke and contradictory wellness status i.e. high blood thrust or contradictory intervention i.e. preventive pill. More or less troika quarters of general practicians said that they choose utilizing non-confrontational attacks, which they described as non-didactic , subdued , load-bearing(a) , over confrontational, acquiring across and yelling attacks. Despite their penchant, around half of GPs admit that they use confrontational attack. Small figure even admitted awful patients particularly those who stand up smoking caused unwellnesss.ResultResults of this research suggest that general practicians need broader spectrum of schemes and methods for giving anti smoke advices. In add-on to this, two new field of survey have to be far explored usage of confrontation and terrorization a s driver for behaviour alteration and ways of measuring patients motive by GPs. Lack of GPs competencies and methods for giving anti smoke advices suggests that paper has deductions for NHS smoking surcease services, Department of Health in UK in 2004, the twelvemonth it was published.MotivationThe motive of writers is clear. Recognizing how of the essence(p) are general practicians in smoking surcease procedure they set out to detect to what extent are GPs are skilled and how developed are their methods for giving anti smoke advices. At the powder magazine being this issue vas really modern-day, as UK authorities proposed preparation in smoking surcease methods and to cognize from where betterments should get down finding current clinical pattern was important.ImportancePaper fume surcease in primary attention a clinical effectivity test of two simple interventions nowadayss relationship between ( 1 ) critical mark cast, ( 2 ) smoke appraisal questionnaire ( SAQ ) and ( 3 ) th eir outgrowth on smoking surcease. As previously mentioned, clinicians frequently are unsuccessful in accessing baccy usage or in presenting anti-smoking advices. This leads us to reason that there is take on for practical, clip and cost effectual smoke surcease intercession. Milch et Al. successfully nurture their initial hypothesis that these two primary intercessions better indentifying tobacco users and prompt anti smoke advices. Greatest strength of this survey lies in the fact that it was designed to resemble real-world practice Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 293 ) , it requires minimum preparation, no excess clinicians and recommends betterments for GPs pattern. However, it should non be overlooked that a few initial premises are based on instead quondam(a)er literature, such as Ockene, JK. ( 1987 ) , Glynn, TJ. ( 1988 ) , etc. Collis and Hussey ( 2009 ) suggest that a danger exists when a piece is trusting on old informations, because it has wee relevancy to modern pattern and that farther usage of this information can be incidental and opportunistic .KEY FINDINGS secernate findings imply that intercessions used positively alter testing for smoke and did non hold any dramatic consequence on clinicians give surcease advice Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 290 ) . Both intercessions increase strided of anti smoke advices by primary attention practicians ( PCP ) 47 % on the cast assembly and 52 % on the SAQ free radical in comparing to 33 % on control group. It is interesting that smoking surcease pace was the highest on the SAQ group 30 % , than on the cast group 4 % and control group 11 % . Why smoking surcease rate was higher than the stamp group rate demands farther geographic expedition. Last only if non the least, high section of patients in the intercession squads stated that they reduced the figure of coffin nails, greater than before motive, assurance about halting to smoke, believing of discontinuing and consciousness of wellness hazards. Alt hough, a few initial premises are based on old articles and the research showed that smoking surcease rate was higher in the control group than in the cast group, it must be admitted that this research has deduction to GPs pattern.ResultThe nearly important result of Milch et Al. article ( 2004 ) is the verification of hypothesis that two simple intercessions used will better designation of tobacco users and bring on smoking surcease advices. In add-on to this, this research has deduction for general practitioners pattern as methods analysed here are unsophisticated, easy to larn, clip and cost effectual.MotivationMotivation of writers of this research is really clear. Additionally, it is similar to motive of Coleman, Cheater and Murphys. Both research paper reference modern-day issue at that clip deficiency of methods for testing patients for smoke and developing methods for get downing and presenting anti smoke advices. 1 hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_s tatistics/tables/health/attrdeaths/index.htmlH obacco2.gif 4 Ockene JK. Physician-delivered intercessions for smoking surcease schemes for increasing effectivity. Preventive Medicine 1987 16 723 737 5 Manley, MW Epps RP, Glynn TJ The clinicians function in advancing smoking surcease among clinic patients. Med Clin Nort America 1992 76 477-494 6 Glynn, TJ Relative effectivity of doctor initiated smoking surcease plan Cancer Bulletin 1988 40 359 364 7 Silagy C. Ketteridge S. physician advice for smoking surcease ( Cochrane canvass ) . The Cochrane Library, Issue I Oxford Update software product 1999Bryman, Alan ( 2008 ) . Social Research Methods. 3rd ed. , Oxford University weighCollis, Jill and Hussey, Roger ( 2009 ) . Business Research, A Practical endure for undergraduate and postgraduate pupils. 3rd ed. , Palgrave Macmillan